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Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally placed in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Also in China, ducks were utilized in paddy fields to consume insects, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah was brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and about the same time, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to permit ants to maneuver between them and help control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests such as insects and fleas by using different organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but normally also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest that are bred in the laboratory and introduced into the environment.
The released organism will breed and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium which infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.10
Mechanical pest control is using hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and devices, that offers a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is known as tillage and is one of the earliest methods of weed control in addition to being useful for pest control; wireworms, the creatures of the common click beetle, are very destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and repeated cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help to control insects by depriving them of the host plants. It's a major strategy in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by as much as 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts pests, diverting them from nearby crops.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be more easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often neglected to price effectively reduce insect densities on large commercial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly due to the pests' ability to disperse back into the main area.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control pests. However, effective control by pesticides is not easy; the ideal formulation must be chosen, the timing is often crucial, the method of application is important, adequate protection and retention on the crop are necessary.
This is very important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of insects and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to grow improved crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to insect damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides might be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The efficacy of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. That is because any organism that manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this way, some of the very serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides which used to kill their ancestors.
